Mutations in the γ2 isoforms that cause human heart disease interfere with the binding of the regulatory nucleotides AMP and ATP. AMP binding to wild-type AMPK appears to prevent the interaction ...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates metabolism by sensing changes in the AMP:ATP ratio in eukaryotic cells. The binding of AMP to AMPK and activation of its Ser/Thr protein-kinase domain ...

reduces ATP synthase Enzyme activity (bottom right), Cr(III) initiates downstream AMPK pathway (bottom), Cr(III) improves glucose metabolism (bottom left), diagram of Cr(III) mode of action (left).