The reaction product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the phosphate group either ends up as orthophosphate (HPO 4) or attached to another molecule ... by which ATP shuttles energy. The enzyme which ...

According to molecular biologist Leslie Orgel ... which certainly lacked such sophisticated protein machinery as the ATP synthase. There are a few possible abiotic mechanisms, presently under ...

The gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase. As this happens, the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase synthesiszes ATP from ADP. Mitochondria are ...