M. pruriens (velvet bean or cowage) can be found in food or supplement form. It contains levodopa (L-dopa), a potent bioactive ingredient that increases levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter ...

Previous studies in a rat model of Parkinson disease (PD) have shown that dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA—a treatment-limiting adverse effect of long-term administration—is caused by the release ...