Mar 4, 2025 · (1) Looping Plume: A plume is formed when the environmental lapse rate becomes more than the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate i.e. occurs in a super adiabatic environment. When the environmental lapse rate exceeds the dry adiabatic lapse rate, a looping plume forms, creating a super adiabatic environment.

Jul 26, 2023 · A looping plume occurs when the emitted substance undergoes cyclical or oscillatory motion. This behaviour is typically observed when there are variations in wind speed or direction at different altitudes.

LOOPING: It is a type of plume which has a wavy character. It occurs in a highly unstable atmosphere because of rapid mixing. The high degree of turbulence helps in dispersing the plume rapidly but high concentrations may occur close to the stack if the plume touches the ground. CONING: It is a type of plume which is shaped like a CONE.

Looping plume: It takes place when the atmosphere is very unstable, wind speed is greater than 10 ms-1, has super-adiabatic lapse rate and is accompanied with solar heating. It follows a wave like pattern and provides high degree of mixing at lower levels, sometimes reaching the ground.

E. Lofting plume: It diffuses upward but not downwards and occurs when there is a super-adiabatic layer above a surface inversion. A lofting plume will generally not reach the ground surface, so there

Jun 20, 2021 · In air pollution meteorology, a lofting plume rises above a stable layer of air, enhancing dispersion. This plume type benefits from favorable plume behavior for pollutant spread. Lofting plume is produced by a strong super adiabatic lapse rate immediately above the stack and a negative lapse rate (inversion) immediately below the stack opening.

• Plume behavior depends greatly on stack height, plume temperature, wind, and location near buildings. • Temperature inversions are extremely stable and create a “lid” that traps air pollution as in this photo. • There are six basic types of plumes that depend on the local conditions of the

Aug 31, 2017 · Plume behavior refers to the dispersal of pollutants and depends on stability, wind, and vertical temperature. Different types of plume behaviors include looping, fumigation, coning, fanning, and lofting plumes.

Jun 22, 2024 · Lofting Plume: Lofting plume is produced by a strong super adiabatic lapse rate immediately above the stack and a negative lapse rate (inversion) immediately below the stack opening. The downward movement is stopped by inversion.

Jun 8, 2021 · 1) Looping Plume: Occurs in super adiabatic environment. Unstable and need higher stacks. 2) Neutral Plume: Upward vertical rise when ELR = ALR. 3) Coning Plume: When wind velocity is high and sub-adiabatic conditions exist (ELR < ALR). Environment is highly stable. 4) Fanning Plume: Under extreme inversion conditions.