The long history of opium usage and addiction in Iran has left its mark on the society, with world-high addiction rates, and large numbers of incarcerated people. This societal dilemma has …

The Persian physician Abū 'Alī al-Husayn ibn Sina ("Avicenna") described opium as the most powerful of the stupefacients, in comparison to mandrake and other highly effective herbs, in …

May 20, 2021 · This content analysis study is a review of methods of quitting opium addiction from the perspective of Persian medicine since the 10 th Century AD. We searched the issues by …

AFYŪN, opium, its production and commerce in Iran. The word afyūn is derived from the Greek opion and Latin opium (concerning this term and other words used in Persian for opium, see …

Aug 21, 2019 · Opium is one of the oldest pain-relieving substances known to humans. The Persian equivalent of the word opium is “Theriac”, which refers to the sap of “Khashkhaash”, …

It seems that a concrete deduction from the literature has been leaden to a positive attitude towards opium consumption in Persian culture. Recent research also supports this idea.

The repeated use of opium, disregarding circumstances and dosage of use and without the simultaneous use of its modifiers, can harm the entire body and even lead to fatality. Opium …

Apr 6, 2020 · Opioid drug use has been ubiquitous in Iran for centuries. Today users are often prescribed substitutes such as methadone to kick their addiction. A traditional pipe used for …

May 20, 2021 · In the past, opium had only therapeutic uses, but now, drug addiction is one of the major public health problems in Iran. Opium and its derivatives are the most commonly used …

Aug 27, 2011 · This article tracks the development of opium use in present day Iran. Investigating how opium use is influenced by ideological change within the country, this paper intimately …